What Is Happiness?

What is happiness? It's a question that has intrigued philosophers, psychologists, writers, and spiritual seekers for centuries. While it seems simple, the answer is deeply complex.

Unfortunately, the search for happiness can sometimes lead us down risky paths, especially when we turn to substances like alcohol to create joy on demand. Mixing alcohol or using it carelessly can have serious consequences.

From a brain science perspective, happiness is closely tied to neurochemicals—especially serotonin. How does alcohol affect serotonin, and what is serotonin syndrome? Let’s explore.

What Is Serotonin?

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter—a chemical messenger that helps nerve cells communicate. Surprisingly, only about 10% of serotonin is produced in the brain. The other 90% is found in the gut, where it acts as a hormone.

Although serotonin is often called the "happy chemical," it plays many roles in the body:

• Mood control: Regulates emotions; low levels are linked to depression and anxiety.
• Digestion management: Helps control appetite and signals for hunger and fullness.
• Sleep regulation: Helps manage sleep-wake cycles.
• Wound healing: Released by platelets to aid clotting and healing.
• Pain management: Affects how we perceive and tolerate pain.
• Bone health: High levels can weaken bones and increase the risk of osteoporosis.

Serotonin is made from tryptophan, an essential amino acid we get from food. Good sources include animal proteins, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains.

Alcohol and Serotonin

Short-Term Effects

Drinking alcohol can temporarily boost serotonin levels, creating that warm, sociable feeling. But this is short-lived. The next day, serotonin levels often drop, contributing to hangover symptoms like low mood and fatigue.

Long-Term Effects

Over time, regular drinking can reduce the brain’s natural serotonin production. This can make everyday pleasures less enjoyable and increase the risk of alcohol dependence. Studies show that people with alcohol dependence often have reduced serotonin transporter density.

Serotonin Syndrome: When Serotonin Becomes Dangerous

Too much serotonin can lead to serotonin syndrome—a serious and potentially life-threatening condition. While alcohol alone can trigger it, the risk is higher when alcohol is mixed with other serotonin-boosting substances.

Common triggers include:

• SSRI antidepressants (e.g., Prozac, Zoloft)
• Other serotonin-increasing drugs (e.g., tramadol, dextromethorphan)
• Certain supplements (e.g., St. John’s wort, tryptophan)
• MAOIs and tricyclic antidepressants
• Recreational drugs like MDMA or cocaine

Symptoms of Serotonin Syndrome

Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include:

• Agitation, anxiety, or restlessness
• Confusion or disorientation
• Rapid heart rate
• Flushed skin or high body temperature
• Nausea, vomiting, or increased bowel sounds
• Muscle rigidity or shaking
• Dilated pupils or dry mouth

If you experience these symptoms, seek medical help immediately.

Treatment

Treatment usually takes place in a hospital and may include:

• Diagnostic tests (blood work, ECG)
• IV fluids to restore hydration
• Medications like cyproheptadine to block serotonin
• Benzodiazepines to reduce anxiety or seizures

Serotonin Safety Tips

• Avoid mixing alcohol with serotonin-boosting medications.
• Be honest with your doctor about all substances you use.
• Follow medication instructions carefully.
• Ask your doctor or pharmacist about possible drug interactions.

Natural Ways to Boost Serotonin

You can increase serotonin naturally through healthy habits:

• Spend quality time with loved ones.
• Eat tryptophan-rich foods like lean meats, fish, legumes, and nuts.
• Exercise regularly to release serotonin and other feel-good chemicals.
• Write in a journal to process emotions.
• Talk with a therapist to address underlying issues.
• Get outside—natural sunlight boosts serotonin levels.

Finding True Happiness

Happiness adds spark and meaning to life, but it can’t be found in a bottle. As author Karen Weinreb wrote, "Happiness comes from within… It is the warm glow of a heart at peace with itself." Let that glow come from healthy, alcohol-free sources.